Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy a Paradigm of...

JUDICIAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL SUPREMACY: A PARADIGM OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN NIGERIA. By A.T.Shehu, PhD( ABSTRACT This paper examines judicial review and judicial power in Nigeria under the 1999 Constitution in relation to the constitution itself and in relation to the political branches of government. This is essentially to locate where lays supremacy between the branches and the judiciary particularly the Supreme Court with its final appellate jurisdiction. Judicial review and supremacy of the judiciary had been of recurring academic discuss in some jurisdictions with written Constitutions, particularly the United States from where Nigeria largely borrowed its presidential constitutionalism. This thus suggests that there is a need to†¦show more content†¦They are thus not preclusive or exclusive to any particular race, tribe or nation. The question then arises as to where actually lay the supremacy8 among the organs of government that are created by the positive constitution. Is it also in the constitution that ascribes supremacy to itself or that the people themselves have vested wit h superiority?9 Superiority must be understood in its normative nature and therefore be categorized into two; that is political and legal. It is political if it does not have finality of authority and legal if it has finality of authority. This may for proper understanding be further characterized into general in the sense that it has the final authority and specific because its authority can be called to question by the overriding authority. This paper addresses these questions and others and argues that supremacy, especially legal and general, is a complex matter and can not be located in the Constitution alone or in any organ other than the judiciary that has the final authority as far as interpretation of the laws and the constitution is concerned. The Constitution is nothing, like any statute, but whatever the court makes of it by its (court) interpretation; whatever the court says the Constitution is; it is and nothing more. Although the judiciary is a creation of the constit ution and positively granted powers, which in the end transcend the constitution itself,10 it through its power of review or the interpretative

Look For It in Bonnie Jo Campbells Short Story...

Look For It I have seen short story collections at garage sales, thrift stores, and bookstores. I have never actually picked one up and read the front or the back covers. Short stories never interested me for the simple fact of their being short. With Bonnie Jo Campbell’s writing in her collection American Salvage I can appreciate a story without the full beginning, middle, and end. Readers will be occupied by Campbell’s use of detail and her depressing story lines with hidden love. Campbell writes realistic stories that will grip your bones. As the reader you might forget how short a story may be because of the way Campbell grabs your attention instantly. â€Å"The Yard Man† begins explaining the sightings of a snake. The main character Jerry explains the snake as one of a kind. He attempts touching the snake but the snake and Jerry are disrupted by a shriek from his wife Natalie. She has full view of the snake. Natalie demands Jerry kill the snake instantly. Je rry tries, but fails as the snake slithers across the overgrown grass. Jerry informs shaken up Natalie the snake is nothing he has ever seen before and the possibility of the rareness. She refuses to live where snakes live and is so terribly tired of the house they live in. Natalie likes nothing of the house and is very adamant on making that known to Jerry. She has two children from a previous marriage that Jerry takes in as his own. He is trying to accomplish all the seventeen million things he has to fix on the

Ancient Civilization Of Mesopotamia Free Essays

According to some archaeologists, the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia had its first settlements dating back since 10,000 BCE. Due to this, it is considered as one of the birthplace of civilizations. Mesopotamia was also known as â€Å"the country between two rivers. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Civilization Of Mesopotamia or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Chilvers, 2007) These two rivers that surrounded this fertile land were the Tigris and the Euphrates. I believe that both rivers were one of the significant environmental factors that contributed to the development of the ancient civilization known as Mesopotamia. (Hollar, 2011) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers start out in the mountains of Armenia. They are almost parallel to each other until they merge creating the Shatt al-Arab waterway which then empties to the Persian Gulf. The southern parts of these rivers are calmer, witnessed by the fertile soil that it produces. The Tigris is considerably shorter than the Euphrates, but was found to be more of importance commercially due to it being deeper. Bigger boats were able to travel here compared to the flat-bottomed ones that passed through the Euphrates. (Chilvers, 2007) The peoples of this region greatly depended and benefited from these rivers. It produced a land for them to be able to thrive and survive. The earliest of these peoples were known as the Sumerians. The Sumerians relied heavily on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for their agriculture and irrigation needs. They created a system that included cultivating and cropping. Along with proper irrigation and organized labor, they were able to take advantage of the fertile land. By doing this, they were able to produce a surplus of food that enabled them to stay in one place rather than migrating to different regions. They produced crops such as wheat and barley on a large scale. With the massive production of crops, not only did they have enough to feed themselves but they also had enough that enabled them to start on the domestication of animals. They raised different kinds of animals, but mainly sheep and cattle. They were able to use these animals not just a source of food, but for other survival needs as well, such as wool for clothing. Plenty of fishes were also caught from these rivers. With the surrounding waters, the land also provided clay which gave them the material to create pots and vases. The peoples of Mesopotamia depended heavily upon these rivers. Without them, their ways of survival would have been different. (Chadwick, 2005) B. The process of diffusion of potato was very important in the early days of human societies. Different varieties of potatoes were first discovered about 14,000 years ago by early South Americans. There were originally 235 different species of potatoes. It wasn’t’ until one specific type was found that the people realized how valuable potato can be. It was around 10,000 BCE that the S.tuberosum species of potato was discovered and domesticated by farmers from the Andes Mountains. The fertile soil and weather conditions of the Andes Mountains made it possible for the plants optimal growth. With the summer days and cold nights, they found out different ways to plant and grow potatoes. This led them to discover several varieties that ended up migrating to different societies. (Smith, 2011) By 1200 CE, the Inca Empire civilization was able to grasp the ways of the initial Andeans way of growing and planting potatoes.(Smith, 2011) Peoples of the Andean culture were absorbed into the Inca Empire. They were able to teach the ways that their ancestors have done in the past to grow and domesticate potatoes. After the potato arrived in the Inca Empire, it became their most important crop. With vast lands, they grew and cultivated potatoes extending from what is now known as the southern part of Columbia to the central part of Chile. (Smith, 2011) Due to the massive production of potatoes, they had to find ways on how to be able to store and keep them from spoiling. With enough searching, they were able to discover a technique of freezing and drying potatoes. These were called chuà ±os. Because of this process, they were able to save food from the times of famine. Workers from this society were required to build storage houses to store all the chuà ±os. In the year of 1532, the Spanish Conquistadores conquered the Inca Empire which led to further transmission and replication. (Smith, 2011) Today, the potato is a very important to our society’s diet as it was when the Andeans first discovered it. This would have not been possible if it wasn’t for the process of diffusion. C. Throughout the centuries, there have been many geographical and environmental factors that have affected the development and expansion of the United States. Two of these factors which greatly shaped this country to what it is today are the California Gold Rush and the Dust Bowl. The California Gold Rush began in January 24, 1848, when a man named James Marshall discovered gold alongside the American River which is located at present-day Sacramento. He then tells his boss, John Sutter, regarding his discovery. John Sutter tried to keep it as a secret, but people eventually found out and the word traveled. The word kept spreading until it reached the town of San Francisco. Reports were then published in a San Francisco based newspaper, The California Star. (California Historical Society, 2011) After some time passed, words have circulated to the eastern part of the United States. These series of events kicked off the migration of people to head west on a chance to becoming wealthy. It wasn’t only the people of the United States that was enticed with this discovery, but people from all over the world flocked to California. They came from different nations such as China, Australia, and Mexico, which is only a few of many. In 1849, there were ninety-thousand gold seekers that have taken different routes by land or water to reach California. The population of less than 25,000 just before 1849 grew to 223, 856 coming from a special census in 1852. (Udall Emmons, 2003) Due to this population growth, California was pronounced as the 31st state of the United States. Before 1931, the fields of the Great Plains in the United States have always been a welcoming place for farmers. It wasn’t until that summer that a drought came leaving the land very dry. The main crop wheat that grew here started dying due to the prolonged drought. With the growing winds, the once productive Great Plains has turned into a disaster that is waiting to happen. This became known as the Dust Bowl. (Soomo, 2013, The Dust Bowl) When the Dust Bowl started, about half a million Americans were forced to stay indoors and left with no choices because breathing has become difficult. Winds would reach up to a hundred miles per hour. (Soomo, 2013, The Dust Bowl) For the ones who went outside, especially children, they were required to wear face protection such as masks to cover their faces. This went on for years. The ones who were not able to cope up and live daily like this had to migrate and abandon what they had in the Great Plains. By 1940, about 2. 5 million people left to other parts of the United States. About 200,000 moved to California. (Worster, 1979, 2004) The Dust Bowl was considered as one of the largest migration in American history. How to cite Ancient Civilization Of Mesopotamia, Papers

Decorating Cakes free essay sample

My Decorating Techniques It has been a little over two years since I first started decorating cakes. I have made cakes that are themed, bon voyage cakes for individuals deployed by the Navy, beach themed cakes for 21st and 50th birthdays, and many more. I usually personalize each cake for the person receiving it, whether it is his/her name, a favorite color, a favorite animal, or a fondant figure of him/her. There are many different occasions cakes are used for and even more ways to decorate the cakes. When I decorate cakes, I tend to use fondant, sugar flowers, and sugar work. The most used component I use for decorating cakes is fondant. Fondant is a sugar-based paste. There are two main forms of fondant. It can be a rolled fondant, which is a sweet, sugar dough that is not cooked and made up of melted marshmallows and powder sugar or shortening, corn syrup, and powder sugar. We will write a custom essay sample on Decorating Cakes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rolled fondant can be rolled out flat and used to cover a cake, or cut into shapes. It also can be used to sculpt figures of people, animals, or any other object of the imagination. There is also a poured form of fondant, which is a creamy, sweet paste. It starts out as a liquid of melted sugar and gelatin that is poured over cakes as a coating (usually petit fours) or poured into cupcakes and candy as a filling. The filling in Cadbury Creme Eggs is actually poured fondant. The coating hardens a small amount as it cools. All fondant can be colored to any color using: paste colors, gel colors, powder colors, or airbrushed. Fondant can also be flavored with any edible extract. Another technique I use while decorating cakes is sugar and icing flowers. Making these flowers is one of my favorite things to do because of the creativity that is at your hands while forming them. Sugar flowers are very delicate, handmade flowers from gumpaste (an edible dough made of sugar, cornstarch, and gelatin). Any flower can be formed by cutting out the shapes of the petals in the gumpaste with pre-made cutters or cut out free hand with an X-ACTO knife. The flowers are usually colored at the end with petal dust or luster dust, which gives them a very realistic look. They also could be colored before being cut, by dying the gumpaste with edible food colors. Flowers could also be made from buttercream icing and royal icing. Buttercream icing is a frosting made of butter and icing sugar (powder sugar), while royal icing is a mixture of icing sugar and egg whites whipped together, which hardens over time. The most common flowers made from buttercream and royal icing are roses. The last way of decorating cakes that I like to use is sugar work. Sugar work can be pulled sugar, blown sugar, or cast sugar. Pulled sugar is a technique that uses cooled, melted sugar that is manipulated, and pulled to form flowers, bows, and other shapes. Blown sugar is a warm piece of pulled sugar that is placed on a hand air pump then shaped and cooled while pumping air into it. Cast sugar is made from hot liquid sugar that is poured into a mold. The molds are usually silicone, due to the high temperature silicone molds can handle. When decorating, there is no limit to what can be put on the cakes. If it can be imagined, usually it can be represented in some form, and placed on the cake. While I tend to use fondant, sugar flowers, icing flowers, and sugar work the most, there are still many other media people use around the world to decorate cakes; my ways are just a few.

Trends of Social Networking free essay sample

The Trends of Social Networking Social communication has always been a vital need to humanity. At its core, social communication did not change. People still exchange thoughts, feelings and news; however, the ways they socially communicate have radically changed. Online social networking is a recent form of social communication conducted over the internet. It witnessed a huge growth since 1997 with the first social networking website SixDegrees. com (â€Å"Boyd†). Social networking websites provide a great socializing capability for their members. Primarily, they aim at connecting people with their acquaintances from all places, at all times. Such websites attract more than 1 billion users around the globe (â€Å"List of social networking websites†). Beside for personal use, social networking websites are used for e-marketing and legal investigations. One of the most rapidly growing social networking sites is Facebook. com, with more than 80 million users and a 270% growth rate from 2006 to 2007 (â€Å"To facebook or not to facebook†). We will write a custom essay sample on Trends of Social Networking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was founded by an American Harvard Student, Mark Zuckerberg in 2004. Huge acquisitions offers were proposed for Facebook reaching as high as $1 billion. This big success may be attributed to Facebook’s ease of use and unique socializing features. Facebook allows users to connect to others by sharing pictures, blogs, videos, interests and more and has taken over American teens and even adults. There have been sites long before Facebook was created but this fairly new site has become the most popular today by far. Many people believe that Facebook is dangerous for users because of the amount of information that can be added on to one’s account. Also, those who oppose the use of the site feel that time should not be spent online because it takes time away from family and puts more emphasis on virtual rather than physical relationships. Others feel that this site allows for socialization and is just a way to have fun and keep in touch with others. Facebook should be allowed to be used by people under 18. It allows members to check students who are taking the same class, living within the same area, or coming from the same school. There are several reasons why Facebook should be used by teenagers. Facebook is well secured and organized website. Individuals who have an account in Facebook are now using more of their time to socialize with other people from far distance and lack of time. It makes easier to join groups having similar likes and dislikes, and can be used as a dating system. Facebook allows users to search for new and old friends, it makes less awkward when communicating with strangers or people we are not familiar with, and also why all of us should have Facebook is that it allows members to check students who are taking the same class, living within the same area, or coming from the same high school. What’s the first thing that pops in your mind when you think about MySpace? Is it friends, danger or is it drama? MySpace or facebook. com are often thought as dangerous websites because of the incidents that have happened or people have seen on TV like girls getting raped, kids getting kidnapped and teenagers getting killed because of MySpace. Now the big question is should myspace. com be restricted to people younger than 18 and only be used by people 18 and older? I personally think that it should not be because MySpace can be beneficial to all ages, a great way to keep in touch with old and new friends, and last but not least a great way to express yourself. Myspace is also another popular social network owned by Specific Media LLC and pop star Justin Timberlake. Myspace launched in August 2003. Their headquarters are based out of Beverly Hills, California. In August 2011, Myspace had a little over 33 million U. S. visitors. Myspace was founded in 2003. From 2005 until 2008, Myspace was the most visited social networking site in the world. In June 2006, it was the most visited site in the U. S. Despite a lot of changes the number of users decreased. Myspace. com is a very social able website and it’s not as bad as everyone tries to make it. This site is made for people to meet and find each other, listen to music, play games, write blogs and bulletins, and put up pictures within reason. When used properly, nothing bad can happen. MySpace isn’t bad for people under 18 as long as you can be smart about what you put on your MySpace and not give out too much of your information, and be careful with whom you talk to. MySpace can also be very beneficial in multiple ways. For example, if you miss a day at school and you need to get homework you can always ask a friend over MySpace what the homework assignment was or, your teacher can have a MySpace and she or he can post the assignment on MySpace that way every student knows what the assignment is another example on how MySpace can be beneficial to people. If you were like me when you heard about twitter, you probably thought it was pointless. I remember thinking â€Å"what can it do that facebook or MySpace can’t? It just seemed like another social media website to waste time on. I don’t know about you, but I waste too much time already on facebook. I assumed it was just like all the other social media websites that have come before it. Hearing of so many celebrities using it made me wonder what exactly the benefits of twitter are. Twitter lets you share information with people through short messages called â€Å"tweets. † An yone can read what you have to say by following you, or by viewing your profile. At first glance you may think it’s just a bunch of useless information that nobody would care about. When you look more closely at it you can see that there are a broad range of topics being discussed by millions of people. The information being exchanged can range from people just having a good time, to interesting and valuable information. It all depends on what you want to use it for. Twitter is especially valuable for businesses. Staying on top of the latest trend’s and what’s being said about them in real time is a very useful. It helps them more than any other social media website. They can better satisfy their customers if they know exactly what issues customer may have with their business. Being able to reach customers, and understand them so quickly makes twitter an invaluable asset to business. Catching on to twitter in the beginning can be somewhat frustrating. You look up people, or businesses you want to get updates on and follow them. It has a language of its own. You use @username to direct a message to someone, or to reply. Everyone can see this type of message. You can send a direct personal message to someone, but you both have to be following each other. Those are just the basics, and it gets even more complicated from there. It can all seem overwhelming at first, but after you get the hang of it you’ll be fine. Despite the success of online social networking, many opponents find social networking websites as great source of discomfort and risk. Social networking may lead to psychological and financial problems. But all in all as the internet becomes more of a friend then a foe we tend to rely on it from day to day. Maybe it’s because we are hooked on it, or maybe it is because in today’s society we need to have it. What will our next trend of the century be? Only one knows.

How different concentration of enzyme catalase affects the rate of breaking down substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay Example

How different concentration of enzyme catalase affects the rate of breaking down substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay Example How different concentration of enzyme catalase affects the rate of breaking down substrate hydrogen peroxide Paper How different concentration of enzyme catalase affects the rate of breaking down substrate hydrogen peroxide Paper Enzymes are large proteins that speed up chemical reaction. As globular protein, enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape which is determined by their sequence of amino acids. Despite their large overall size, enzyme molecules only have a small region that is functional. This is known as enzymes active site. The substrate molecule is held within the active site by bonds that temporarily form between the R groups of the amino acids of the active site by bonds and all groups on the substrate molecules. This structure is known as enzyme-substrate complex. Enzymes are classified into several categories, such as hydrolytic, oxidising, and educing. Depending on the types of reaction they control. In this case, the enzyme I will use in the investigation is catalase from celery extract, which is concluding as hydrolytic enzyme. This type of enzyme accelerates reactions in which a substrate is broken down into simpler compounds through reaction with adding up water molecules. Oxidising enzyme, known as oxidises, accelerate oxidation reaction; reducing enzyme speed up reducing reactions in which oxygen is removed. A substrate is the molecule, which can bind into the active of enzyme. In this case, I will use hydrogen peroxide as the substrate. Enzyme works in the same way as a key operates a lock. Enzymes active sites have a particular shape like a lock and only a particular key ( substrate) can fit into that lock. Enzymes are therefore specific in the reactions that they catalyse. This is known as the lock and key theory. In practice, unlike a rigid lock, the enzyme actually changes its form slightly to fit the shape of the substrate. In other works, it is flexible and moulds itself around the substrate. As it alters its shape, the enzyme puts a strain on the substrate molecule and thereby lowers its activation energy. In this case, enzyme catalse has a specific active site, which just for the substrate hydrogen peroxide to fit in, then the reaction takes place. The reaction involved is hydrolysis. The equation of reaction is: 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 Factor that would affect the reaction: Temperature At low temperature, the reaction takes place very slowly, this because molecules are moving relatively slowly as have low kinetic energy. Substrate molecules will not often collide with the active site, and so binding between substrate and enzyme is a rare event. Therefore, reaction is slow. A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules which therefore move around more rapidly and collide with one another more often. This means at a higher temperature, the reaction will take place faster than a lower temperature and an increasing or a decreasing of temperature will affect my reaction and results. For this reason, I will control this effect by using a water bath to maintain the temperature the same during the whole reaction. As enzyme work best at a certain temperature, this is known as optimum temperature. If the temperature is too low, enzyme cannot work properly; if the temperature is too high, this may denature the enzyme active site and enzyme will lose its function. So to avoid this problem, I will keep the water bath has the temperature of 25?C, which is the room temperature. Therefore enzyme catalase will work properly and temperature will not be a factor to affect this investigation. PH Most enzymes also have an optimum pH at which they function best. In human body, most enzyme work fastest at an optimum pH of about 7. For example, the digestive system Pepsin found in the stomach to digest proteins. A change I pH means a change in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the surrounding of the enzyme. This affects the ionisation of R group in the amino acid residues of the protein molecule and the shape of the active site to bind with the substrate. The lower the pH, the bigger the hydrogen ions concentration it is . Hydrogen ions can interact with the R group of amino acids, affecting the way in which they bond with each other and therefore affect their 3D shape. So the lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ions concentration it is, and therefore the slower the reaction. Oppositely, the higher the pH, the faster the reaction it will take place. To control this factor, I will keep the pH all the way through the same by using a pH paper to check the pH number during the experiment. Enzyme concentration The rate of reaction increases as the concentration of enzyme increase. Because higher concentration of enzyme means higher number of enzyme molecules, so that more enzyme molecule will collide with substrate molecule, therefore the reaction will take place faster. When there is plenty of substrate, the rate of reaction is not limited by the concentration of enzyme. Therefore if the concentration of enzyme is increased, the number of collision with the substrate molecule and hence the rate of reaction will increase. If the amount of substrate is limited, the rate of reaction decreases because if the amount of substrate is limited, the enzymes active site will not collide with substrate very often, therefore a few products will be made. As the reaction progressing, the substance will be broken down slowly, therefore less substrate left. So enzyme molecules freer, therefore products will be produced more slowly. Hence the slower the reaction goes. In this experiment, the enzyme concentration is an independent variable which I will vary the concentration of celery extract each time to investigate how different concentration of celery extract( enzyme concentration) affect the rate of breaking down hydrogen peroxide. Substrate concentration Increasing in the substrate concentration will increase in the rate of reaction. Because increasing the substrate concentration, we increased the number of substrate molecules; therefore more collision will take place between substrate and enzymes active site. Hence mere products will be produced. Therefore the faster the rate of reaction takes place. However, if we continue increase the substrate keeping the enzyme concentration and volume the same. The rate of reaction will not continue to increase. This is because a higher substrate concentration active site of all the enzyme molecule is busy with substrates. The number of enzyme molecules because a limiting factor. The rate of reaction at higher substrate becomes constant. In this case, I will keep the volume of hydrogen peroxide the same for using each time. Inhibitors Enzyme inhibitors are substances that directly or indirectly interfere with the functioning of the active of an enzyme and so reduce its activity. There are two types of inhibitors: Competitive inhibitors Competitive inhibitors are the molecules which have a shape similar to the substrate, so they fit into the active site of the enzyme. Therefore the substrate cannot enter into the active site and so the enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction. Hence, the reaction is slow down. However, the inhibitors are not permanently bound to the active site and so, when it leaves another molecule can take its place. Sooner or later, all the substrate molecules will find an active site, but the greater the concentration of inhibitors, the longer the reaction will be. Non-competitive inhibitors Non-competitive inhibitors will bind to another part of the enzyme rather than the true active site. This changes the shape of the enzymes active site so that the substrate no longer fits. Therefore the reaction is slow down. As the substrate and the inhibitor are not competry for the same site, an increase in substrate concentration does not decrease the effect of inhibitors. To control the factor of inhibitors. I will not add any substance except celery solution and hydrogen peroxide during the experiment. Prediction I predict that the higher the concentration of celery extract I use, the fast the rate of breaking down hydrogen peroxide I will get. As in higher concentration of celery extract, the more number of catalase molecules in the solution. So there are more collisions between substrate ( hydrogen peroxide) and enzyme( catalase) active site, and more products will be formed( water and oxygen). The rate of reaction can be measured by measuring the volume of oxygen produced in a period of time. The larger the volume of oxygen produced in the same period of time, the fast the reaction is taken place. Preliminary work In order to get finest and reliable results, I did a preliminary work. This enable me not just find out a suitable range of celery extract of catalase concentration I will use in my real experiment, but also help me descried the time interval I will measure the oxygen get and justify the equipment and method. I think these all lead me to get reliable and accurate results in the end. In the preliminary work, I choose to do three different concentration of celery extract. To get different concentrations of celery extract, I used distilled water to dilute the celery extract. I tested the range of celery extract between 100% 20%, the highest concentration is 100%, the lowest concentration is 20% and the median is 60%. The reason I chose these three concentrations is because between each concentration, there is 40% difference and this enable me to test that in which level of concentration, reaction goes best and to find out which concentration of celery extract I will use in my real experiment.

Scientific Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Scientific Writing - Essay Example Obakata and many of her co-authors are part of the research teams of the Riken Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan. Other Riken researches, however, tried to replicate Obakata’s study and did not find supporting evidence. As a result, it launched an investigation that proved that the research has serious data flaws. Obakata has retracted these two papers from Nature because of allegations of changing data and plagiarism. An investigating committee has found her guilty of fabricating and falsifying data, and she now faces potential dismissal from Riken and losing her doctorate degree. The investigating committee discovered that Obakata may be involved in falsifying and fabricating data. The committee noted that when they studied the DNA images of Obakata’s work, one DNA was spliced from two DNAs. The head of the committee, Shunsuke Ishii, stated: â€Å"The manipulation was used to improve the appearance of the results† (Sample, 2014). Obokata insisted that she only wanted to improve the clarity of the image and not to change the data itself (Sample, 2014). Changing DNA images suggests falsifying data results. In addition, Obakata fabricated data when data inconsistencies are found in her work. She told her co-researcher Teruhiko Wakayama that the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that they used to tag changes in expression of experimental gene is on the 15th chromosome (Cyranoski, 2014). Wakayama tested the mice and found the STAP cells through the GFP in the 18th chromosome (Cyranoski, 2014). Furthermore, the committee noted that Obakata reused data from her dissertation, which also means that she falsified her research by including data that were not part of her original research (Japan Times, 2014). Fabricating and falsifying data are serious accusations, though Obakata stressed that she did not change or add anything to her data (Cyranoski, 2014). Apart from data falsification and