Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy a Paradigm of...

JUDICIAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL SUPREMACY: A PARADIGM OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN NIGERIA. By A.T.Shehu, PhD( ABSTRACT This paper examines judicial review and judicial power in Nigeria under the 1999 Constitution in relation to the constitution itself and in relation to the political branches of government. This is essentially to locate where lays supremacy between the branches and the judiciary particularly the Supreme Court with its final appellate jurisdiction. Judicial review and supremacy of the judiciary had been of recurring academic discuss in some jurisdictions with written Constitutions, particularly the United States from where Nigeria largely borrowed its presidential constitutionalism. This thus suggests that there is a need to†¦show more content†¦They are thus not preclusive or exclusive to any particular race, tribe or nation. The question then arises as to where actually lay the supremacy8 among the organs of government that are created by the positive constitution. Is it also in the constitution that ascribes supremacy to itself or that the people themselves have vested wit h superiority?9 Superiority must be understood in its normative nature and therefore be categorized into two; that is political and legal. It is political if it does not have finality of authority and legal if it has finality of authority. This may for proper understanding be further characterized into general in the sense that it has the final authority and specific because its authority can be called to question by the overriding authority. This paper addresses these questions and others and argues that supremacy, especially legal and general, is a complex matter and can not be located in the Constitution alone or in any organ other than the judiciary that has the final authority as far as interpretation of the laws and the constitution is concerned. The Constitution is nothing, like any statute, but whatever the court makes of it by its (court) interpretation; whatever the court says the Constitution is; it is and nothing more. Although the judiciary is a creation of the constit ution and positively granted powers, which in the end transcend the constitution itself,10 it through its power of review or the interpretative

Look For It in Bonnie Jo Campbells Short Story...

Look For It I have seen short story collections at garage sales, thrift stores, and bookstores. I have never actually picked one up and read the front or the back covers. Short stories never interested me for the simple fact of their being short. With Bonnie Jo Campbell’s writing in her collection American Salvage I can appreciate a story without the full beginning, middle, and end. Readers will be occupied by Campbell’s use of detail and her depressing story lines with hidden love. Campbell writes realistic stories that will grip your bones. As the reader you might forget how short a story may be because of the way Campbell grabs your attention instantly. â€Å"The Yard Man† begins explaining the sightings of a snake. The main character Jerry explains the snake as one of a kind. He attempts touching the snake but the snake and Jerry are disrupted by a shriek from his wife Natalie. She has full view of the snake. Natalie demands Jerry kill the snake instantly. Je rry tries, but fails as the snake slithers across the overgrown grass. Jerry informs shaken up Natalie the snake is nothing he has ever seen before and the possibility of the rareness. She refuses to live where snakes live and is so terribly tired of the house they live in. Natalie likes nothing of the house and is very adamant on making that known to Jerry. She has two children from a previous marriage that Jerry takes in as his own. He is trying to accomplish all the seventeen million things he has to fix on the

Ancient Civilization Of Mesopotamia Free Essays

According to some archaeologists, the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia had its first settlements dating back since 10,000 BCE. Due to this, it is considered as one of the birthplace of civilizations. Mesopotamia was also known as â€Å"the country between two rivers. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Civilization Of Mesopotamia or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Chilvers, 2007) These two rivers that surrounded this fertile land were the Tigris and the Euphrates. I believe that both rivers were one of the significant environmental factors that contributed to the development of the ancient civilization known as Mesopotamia. (Hollar, 2011) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers start out in the mountains of Armenia. They are almost parallel to each other until they merge creating the Shatt al-Arab waterway which then empties to the Persian Gulf. The southern parts of these rivers are calmer, witnessed by the fertile soil that it produces. The Tigris is considerably shorter than the Euphrates, but was found to be more of importance commercially due to it being deeper. Bigger boats were able to travel here compared to the flat-bottomed ones that passed through the Euphrates. (Chilvers, 2007) The peoples of this region greatly depended and benefited from these rivers. It produced a land for them to be able to thrive and survive. The earliest of these peoples were known as the Sumerians. The Sumerians relied heavily on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for their agriculture and irrigation needs. They created a system that included cultivating and cropping. Along with proper irrigation and organized labor, they were able to take advantage of the fertile land. By doing this, they were able to produce a surplus of food that enabled them to stay in one place rather than migrating to different regions. They produced crops such as wheat and barley on a large scale. With the massive production of crops, not only did they have enough to feed themselves but they also had enough that enabled them to start on the domestication of animals. They raised different kinds of animals, but mainly sheep and cattle. They were able to use these animals not just a source of food, but for other survival needs as well, such as wool for clothing. Plenty of fishes were also caught from these rivers. With the surrounding waters, the land also provided clay which gave them the material to create pots and vases. The peoples of Mesopotamia depended heavily upon these rivers. Without them, their ways of survival would have been different. (Chadwick, 2005) B. The process of diffusion of potato was very important in the early days of human societies. Different varieties of potatoes were first discovered about 14,000 years ago by early South Americans. There were originally 235 different species of potatoes. It wasn’t’ until one specific type was found that the people realized how valuable potato can be. It was around 10,000 BCE that the S.tuberosum species of potato was discovered and domesticated by farmers from the Andes Mountains. The fertile soil and weather conditions of the Andes Mountains made it possible for the plants optimal growth. With the summer days and cold nights, they found out different ways to plant and grow potatoes. This led them to discover several varieties that ended up migrating to different societies. (Smith, 2011) By 1200 CE, the Inca Empire civilization was able to grasp the ways of the initial Andeans way of growing and planting potatoes.(Smith, 2011) Peoples of the Andean culture were absorbed into the Inca Empire. They were able to teach the ways that their ancestors have done in the past to grow and domesticate potatoes. After the potato arrived in the Inca Empire, it became their most important crop. With vast lands, they grew and cultivated potatoes extending from what is now known as the southern part of Columbia to the central part of Chile. (Smith, 2011) Due to the massive production of potatoes, they had to find ways on how to be able to store and keep them from spoiling. With enough searching, they were able to discover a technique of freezing and drying potatoes. These were called chuà ±os. Because of this process, they were able to save food from the times of famine. Workers from this society were required to build storage houses to store all the chuà ±os. In the year of 1532, the Spanish Conquistadores conquered the Inca Empire which led to further transmission and replication. (Smith, 2011) Today, the potato is a very important to our society’s diet as it was when the Andeans first discovered it. This would have not been possible if it wasn’t for the process of diffusion. C. Throughout the centuries, there have been many geographical and environmental factors that have affected the development and expansion of the United States. Two of these factors which greatly shaped this country to what it is today are the California Gold Rush and the Dust Bowl. The California Gold Rush began in January 24, 1848, when a man named James Marshall discovered gold alongside the American River which is located at present-day Sacramento. He then tells his boss, John Sutter, regarding his discovery. John Sutter tried to keep it as a secret, but people eventually found out and the word traveled. The word kept spreading until it reached the town of San Francisco. Reports were then published in a San Francisco based newspaper, The California Star. (California Historical Society, 2011) After some time passed, words have circulated to the eastern part of the United States. These series of events kicked off the migration of people to head west on a chance to becoming wealthy. It wasn’t only the people of the United States that was enticed with this discovery, but people from all over the world flocked to California. They came from different nations such as China, Australia, and Mexico, which is only a few of many. In 1849, there were ninety-thousand gold seekers that have taken different routes by land or water to reach California. The population of less than 25,000 just before 1849 grew to 223, 856 coming from a special census in 1852. (Udall Emmons, 2003) Due to this population growth, California was pronounced as the 31st state of the United States. Before 1931, the fields of the Great Plains in the United States have always been a welcoming place for farmers. It wasn’t until that summer that a drought came leaving the land very dry. The main crop wheat that grew here started dying due to the prolonged drought. With the growing winds, the once productive Great Plains has turned into a disaster that is waiting to happen. This became known as the Dust Bowl. (Soomo, 2013, The Dust Bowl) When the Dust Bowl started, about half a million Americans were forced to stay indoors and left with no choices because breathing has become difficult. Winds would reach up to a hundred miles per hour. (Soomo, 2013, The Dust Bowl) For the ones who went outside, especially children, they were required to wear face protection such as masks to cover their faces. This went on for years. The ones who were not able to cope up and live daily like this had to migrate and abandon what they had in the Great Plains. By 1940, about 2. 5 million people left to other parts of the United States. About 200,000 moved to California. (Worster, 1979, 2004) The Dust Bowl was considered as one of the largest migration in American history. How to cite Ancient Civilization Of Mesopotamia, Papers

Decorating Cakes free essay sample

My Decorating Techniques It has been a little over two years since I first started decorating cakes. I have made cakes that are themed, bon voyage cakes for individuals deployed by the Navy, beach themed cakes for 21st and 50th birthdays, and many more. I usually personalize each cake for the person receiving it, whether it is his/her name, a favorite color, a favorite animal, or a fondant figure of him/her. There are many different occasions cakes are used for and even more ways to decorate the cakes. When I decorate cakes, I tend to use fondant, sugar flowers, and sugar work. The most used component I use for decorating cakes is fondant. Fondant is a sugar-based paste. There are two main forms of fondant. It can be a rolled fondant, which is a sweet, sugar dough that is not cooked and made up of melted marshmallows and powder sugar or shortening, corn syrup, and powder sugar. We will write a custom essay sample on Decorating Cakes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rolled fondant can be rolled out flat and used to cover a cake, or cut into shapes. It also can be used to sculpt figures of people, animals, or any other object of the imagination. There is also a poured form of fondant, which is a creamy, sweet paste. It starts out as a liquid of melted sugar and gelatin that is poured over cakes as a coating (usually petit fours) or poured into cupcakes and candy as a filling. The filling in Cadbury Creme Eggs is actually poured fondant. The coating hardens a small amount as it cools. All fondant can be colored to any color using: paste colors, gel colors, powder colors, or airbrushed. Fondant can also be flavored with any edible extract. Another technique I use while decorating cakes is sugar and icing flowers. Making these flowers is one of my favorite things to do because of the creativity that is at your hands while forming them. Sugar flowers are very delicate, handmade flowers from gumpaste (an edible dough made of sugar, cornstarch, and gelatin). Any flower can be formed by cutting out the shapes of the petals in the gumpaste with pre-made cutters or cut out free hand with an X-ACTO knife. The flowers are usually colored at the end with petal dust or luster dust, which gives them a very realistic look. They also could be colored before being cut, by dying the gumpaste with edible food colors. Flowers could also be made from buttercream icing and royal icing. Buttercream icing is a frosting made of butter and icing sugar (powder sugar), while royal icing is a mixture of icing sugar and egg whites whipped together, which hardens over time. The most common flowers made from buttercream and royal icing are roses. The last way of decorating cakes that I like to use is sugar work. Sugar work can be pulled sugar, blown sugar, or cast sugar. Pulled sugar is a technique that uses cooled, melted sugar that is manipulated, and pulled to form flowers, bows, and other shapes. Blown sugar is a warm piece of pulled sugar that is placed on a hand air pump then shaped and cooled while pumping air into it. Cast sugar is made from hot liquid sugar that is poured into a mold. The molds are usually silicone, due to the high temperature silicone molds can handle. When decorating, there is no limit to what can be put on the cakes. If it can be imagined, usually it can be represented in some form, and placed on the cake. While I tend to use fondant, sugar flowers, icing flowers, and sugar work the most, there are still many other media people use around the world to decorate cakes; my ways are just a few.